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The Sniper RiflesOf The Red StarMosin Nagant M91/30 Variants From
Vic Thomas
The principal task of the sniper is the destruction of the most important enemy targets he can find. Officers, observers, scouts, liaison officers, enemy snipers, gun crews, trench mortars and machine guns, anti-tank rifleman and motorcycle skirmishers are to be his primary targets. He shall blind enemy armored car and tank drivers by firing at their vision visors. He is capable of independent action under the most difficult conditions of battle. (2) INTRODUCTION This statement was from an official Soviet military publication dated October of 1943. It clearly shows the importance the Red Army gave to the sniper in its ranks. The Soviet Union more so than any other combatant in W.W.II, used the sniper in the greatest numbers and capacities. The sniper was a key element in the doctrine and actions taken by the Red Army on a platoon or company basis. He served as the eyes and ears as well as the unseen soldier that bogged down and created fear amongst the enemy. No other nation involved in W.W.II fielded as many snipers as the USSR. Both men and women served in this capacity to a devastating effect.
Orders were often given on the platoon or company level to directly support the actions of the group. Whether it is for scouting or the elimination of key enemy personal in preparation of an attack or in defense, the sniper was always involved. In a defensive position, as the Soviets found themselves so often in the early portion of Operation Barbarosa, the sniper served as an observer to enemy movements. These observations were quickly relayed back to the company commander and up the chain of command. When need be the sniper used his hidden position to slow the enemy advance and to hamper armored vehicles with aimed fire at the drivers slits with 7.62mm AP rounds. The Soviet policy was to operate the sniper in pairs or teams, a shooter and an observer to record necessary data or scout for targets. Many times the snipers formed small groups of 3-5 to bring concentrated fire upon advancing troops, resulting in slowing the advance with a devastating effect on morale not to mention manpower. Often times the Soviet sniper allowed the advance to pass by his concealed position in order to bring fire upon the officers directing the attack from the rear. When operating in these groups it was not uncommon for the observer or other team members to be armed with a sub- machine-gun to provide close quarters support should they be detected.
m/91-30 PE and PEM (1932-1940,1942)
The
Soviet Union took the task of telescopically aimed riflemen very seriously
early on. The use of snipers to tie down enemy troop concentrations was
not lost on the Soviets in their brief experiences in the First World War.
In response to the use of snipers by both sides in the conflict, the Soviets
began testing and obtaining optical sights from aboard, primarily from
the Carl Zeiss company in Germany. The serious experimentation with telescopically
sighted rifles began in the mid 1920s. Initial experimentation began by
mounting commercial scopes then military contracted optics upon
By the 1930s the Soviets had adopted a style of mount and scope based upon Zeiss designs, and had begun production. The adoption of the model 91/30 fitted with a telescopic sight of Soviet manufacture but based upon Zeiss designs, and reportedly manufactured with machinery purchased from Zeiss, was in 1931. By the following year of 1932 the first rifles were in production and being distributed to the Army. The rifles were fitted with a unique over the bore mounting system that incorporated a base that mimicked the hexagonal shape of the receiver. The base was retained on the rifle with 6 screws, 3 per side and often times silver soldered as well. The mount was a uniquely Soviet design. It was a two-ring set up with a rectangular shape. The center being open to allow use of the rifles iron sights should the need arise. It was retained upon the base by two large thumbscrews. These screws when tightened forced a triangular wedge against the angled rail of the base. A block retained in the rear of the mount provided the correct placement in regard for forward seating of the mount.
This system was fairly effective in providing a reasonable self-zeroing effect. The scope was of a 30mm tube diameter and initially was focus adjustable by means of a knurled focus ring on the rear ocular. Some transitional versions are known and have been examined that use a focus ring set in front of the rear lens housing. These examples are dated between 1935 and 1937 and seem to bridge the gap in PE production changes between the PE and the PEM. A standard European three-post reticule was used.
This scope with focus capability was referred to as the PE and in Soviet nomenclature is "unified model"(3). There are some references which refer to it as a VT; however, no other documentation can be found that explains this use so in this reference the scope will be referred to as the PE scope. The rifles to be used for snipers were specifically selected and a more precise polishing of the bore and chamber area was undertaken as well as a trigger tuned for smoother operation and lighter pull. The fitting of the stock and bolt were held to a better tolerance as well. A small amount of stock relief was needed to accommodate the base when seated upon the receiver. Production of the PE sniper rifles of the Red Army began at the Tula arsenal in 1932 when 749 rifles were produced and remained there until 1940. The bolt of the new sniper rifle was turned down and elongated to allow clearance of the mounted optics. The PE scope was an improved Zeiss design according to the Soviets and the initial production version with focus capability-the PE- remained in production from 1932 to 1936. These initial production versions utilized brass lens fittings, which were later replaced with aluminum or steel. In 1936 a simplified version was produced and the earlier model discontinued. The new scope was referred to as a PEM, "unified model-modernized"(3) . It was identical to the earlier model but for the lens fittings and the lack of the focus adjustment capability.
PE Top PEM Bottom
Also at this time the base for mounting the scope was changed as well to correspond to the newly modified receiver shape of the Mosin Nagant m/91-30 in the later half of 1936. This new base was changed from the earlier hexagonal shape to the round interior needed to fit upon the new round receivers.
Round Receiver Mount
It was retained in the identical fashion as earlier and the mount was not changed at all. This version of the rifle, top mounted scope and round receiver remained in production for approximately 1.5 years, until 1938. Another version of the round receiver base also appeared at this time, 1936-1937, in extremely limited numbers. This base utilized only two screws-front and rear of the base on each side. This base was used with the transitional version of the PE/PEM scope with the tube mounted focus ring. This base and configuration is the rarest of the PE/PEM styles and only a few are known. It was produced in extremely limited numbers prior to the return of the six screw version as reported by my friend and colleague Karl-Heinz Wrobel, author of Drei Linien Die Gewehre Mosin Nagant. In 1938 the PEM was again modified to a newly adopted mounting system. This system moved the base and the optical mount to the left side of the receiver in a long side rail configuration. This new system used a raised wedge shaped rail upon the base to retain the mount. A protruding pin mated to a slot in the mount indicated full seating of the mounted optics. The mount itself was retained in place by a lone thumb screw that was conically shaped at the tip to provide a self seating capability when screwed into the corresponding hole in the base. Again a self zeroing system was attained. The new mounting system incorporated the PEM scope again and was used until the rifle was discontinued as a sniper in the spring of 1940. The rifle was discontinued in favor of the self-loading SVT 40 fitted with optical sights that were specifically produced for the rifle. These short optics would later be redesigned and fitted to the venerable Mosin Nagant in a sniping role only two short years later. The side mount PEM is a respectable sniper but its weight was increased dramatically by the large base and mounting system. It is the heaviest of the Mosin Nagant snipers at 10.5lbs compared to 9.5lbs for the earlier versions using the top mount system.
By the 1930s the Soviet Union possessed a considerable number of sniper rifles. A Soviet document indicates that 54,160 rifles were produced in the PE form between 1932 and 1938. Production of the PE was very slow at first due to the complicated and time consuming nature of machining the mounts. Production in the first year of 1932 was only 749. In subsequent years, recorded numbers are as follows. 1,347 in 1933, 6,637 in 1934 and 12,752 top mount hex and round receiver PE/PEMs in 1936. No data is given for production in 1935 as all Mosin production was slowed considerably that year. 13,130 top mount round receiver PEMs were produced in 1937 and 19,545 of the new long side rail mounted PEMs were made in 1938. No production numbers are available for the final two years of PEM production. (1) While many rifles were randomly selected for accuracy potential, there is an indication from my research and that of a friend/colleague (4) that blocks of snipers were produced at Tula. This is supported by a sampling of PE snipers all in the same letter prefix and serial number block indicating a planned production and not a random pull of rifles off the line. All Tula produced snipers, including the later version produced during wartime in 1943 and 1944, bear an accuracy mark above the five-pointed star logo of the factory. This proof is a C and an upside down U for lack of a better description of Cyrillic letters. This marking is the designation of sniper on Tula produced guns. The marking literally translates to " Snayperskaya Provernnaya" meaning tested for use as a sniper. .
Tula Sniper Marking Ishevsk did not mark their rifles in this unique way to differentiate them from standard rifles. The production of Mosin Nagant snipers was halted at Tula in 1940. By October of 1942, the SVT40 proved to be a failure as a consistently accurate sniper rifle. Manufacture of the Mosin Nagant m/91-30 was again ordered back to full production capacity at both Ishevsk and Tula. The need for a capable, accurate snipers rifle was urgently needed. Ishevsk began production of the Mosin Nagant side mount PEM in early 1942. This production was a stopgap to provide optically sighted rifles for the front until the newly designed and still in its infancy, m/91-30 PU, could be swung into full production. A 1942 dated PEM is an extremely rare rifle. Only one is reported in US collections. Tula did not produce any snipers of Mosin Nagant configuration from its last PEM in 1940 until its resumption of production with the PU in 1943. Another use of the PE/PEM scope was the Finnish army during W.W.II. On every occasion that presented itself the Finnish army captured and reissued any m/91-30 sniper rifles they had. Most were returned to front line service immediately upon capture but those that suffered damage were returned to the arms depots for either repair or cannibalization of the optical components and mounting hardware. The rifles captured by Finland and in use were given a special code designation of TJ34 to hide the use from enemy spies (4). The number of rifles that were captured during the Winter War was rather small due to the Soviets doctrine trained snipers. These soldiers were not normal conscripts but highly trained professional soldiers and thus they did not tend to surrender easily. The bulk of Finnish captured sniper rifles came from positions quickly overrun. Soviet snipers were trained to damage or destroy their equipment in the event of defeat or imminent capture. The other problem encountered was the propensity of Finnish soldiers to keep the captured rifles as war booty and not report them. An inventory in June of 1940 indicated that 213 sniper rifles of almost exclusively the top mount PE design was in store.
Finn Capture
M/39SOV This match of Soviet mounts and optics as well as bases to the m/39 created the Finnish armys m/39SOV sniper rifle. Supply of captured optics and their mounts soon was not meeting the demand for sufficient numbers and the Army placed an order with the State Rifle Factory or VKT, to begin production of a Finnish version of the Soviet over the bore mount for the PE as well as bases. VKT did begin production and approximately 150 units were produced to be used on the m/39SOV in conjunction with captured PE/PEM scopes from 1943-1944.
The order was also given to begin production of 2000 telescopic sights and parts were obtained from abroad to begin this project but it was never realized and abandoned. The bolts of the m/39 were elongated and turned down to provide clearance of the mounted optics and some minor stock relief was done to accommodate the mounting of the base. Only 200 or so rifles were produced during the war. This rifle is one of the rarest snipers of W.W.II, as well as all Finnish used sniper rifles owing to the extremely small numbers produced and or captured. (4)
m/91-30 PU (1942-1963)
The new model 91-30 PU sniper was hurried into production in 1942 as the field reports regarding the SVT40 sniper were not promising. Even after various attempts to remedy its first shot inaccuracy; they were not corrected sufficiently for the SVT40 to remain the primary sniper rifle of the Red Army. In October of 1942 the SVT 40 was no longer produced in a configuration that would mount an optical sight. The PU sniper rifle was an attempt to update and lighten the earlier PE/PEM and restore to the sniper the first shot accuracy that is so crucial . The Red Army was pleased with the new 3.5x short scope that was designed for the SVT series of rifles and decided to continue its use with the new PU in a slightly altered form. The new scope was to do away with the raised seating portion of the scope in its center that allowed proper placement in the SVT mount. It also streamlined the tube to a consistent diameter from front to back to simplify manufacture. The initial PU scopes though did however have some design features of the earlier PE/PEM scope. These early scopes were constructed using some prototype patterns, materials and design. The earliest of the scopes produced for use in 1942 had an elevation and windage housing very much like the earlier PE scopes.
Early Scope
Lightweight Alloy
The lens fittings were also made using the earlier brass fittings. Some tubes were manufactured using a lightweight alloy, presumably aluminum, to lighten the weight. These scopes are extremely rare. These features were quickly abandoned in favor of the final result that emerged in late 1942-early 1943. These scopes utilized a steel tube and fittings. The tube was now streamlined to an even diameter from front to back. The windage and elevation knobs now protruded directly from the tube. A new mount and base was also developed for the rifle. A side-mounted base on the left of the receiver was agreed upon as the last previously produced PEM was. This mount was again simplified to provide a basic self zeroing feature. A small knob in the anterior acted as a ball and socket for the mount and the rear of the mount was held in place by a large knurled thumbscrew through pressure. Vertical rough elevation was done with the use of an upper and lower set screw on the base as well.
Ball And Socket
Base The base was affixed to the left side of the receiver by means of two locating pins and two screws. The screws were retained and prevented from loosening by two setscrews. (see above photo) The receiver of the new rifle also was different. The left wall of the receiver was not milled out to an angle sloping towards the wood line as in previous standard infantry rifles to reduce weight. It remained high to provide a high wall to affix and support the scope base. This feature was also used in the lean mid-war years as a time saving production procedure. This feature can also be observed on the carbine variants. After rough elevation was attained the screws were either staked or noted in a notebook of their position and not touched again and conventional zeroing was undertaken. The earliest versions of the new mount, which rose vertically then at a right angle to place the scope over the bore, utilized two small cutouts in the center portion to reduce weight and bulk.
This proved to time consuming and the feature was dropped in favor of two dished out slots and one large cutout. The mount incorporated two split rings that allowed the scope to be slid into the mount from the rear and then tightened by four screws, two in each ring. It was a simple and effective design. The snipers were initially not impressed with the new rifle and scope. They favored the earlier 4x scope, which provided a larger field of view and an easier eye relief. The new rifles scope is placed higher up so slight adjustments needed to be done before becoming comfortable with the arraignments. The rifle soon won over its users and became a favorite owing to its smaller scope which eased handling and the reduced weight from the earlier PEM. The rifle proved to be deadly accurate. Range estimation was taught by placing and measuring the amount of target mass between the horizontal cross hairs which were as before on the PE, a typical European three post design. Typical target engagements were 200-400 meters but many were undertaken at its extreme range of 900 meters.
Scope production was undertaken at five different optical firms. Each of these firms stamped the logo of the factory on the scope tube as well as the date of production and the serial number. Many scopes do not exhibit a date and it is not known as of yet why this is so. It is possible that these scopes are replacement or inventory models. One maker did not use a traditional date as the others did. They incorporated the year of production into the serial number of the scope. The first two digits identified the year of manufacture. An example of this would be the traditional marking of 1943 - 23455, while the other maker would mark this scope as 4323455. The dating of the scopes began in 1932 and ended in 1945 with the close of the war. PE scopes were initially dated on the rear inside the optical makers rectangular logo. Later PEM scopes were dated on the side of the elevation turret with the makers logo appearing on the rear bell. Many PU scopes exhibit an "inspection/refurbishment date upon the tube below the optical makers logo. The diagonal slashed box proof of the refurbishment often splits these. Dates observed are often in the 50s through late 60s. Some are marked POM 59 indicating an inspection repair in 1959. The PU remained the Red Armys primary sniper scope through 1962 when the self-loading SVD or Dragunov replaced it.
The Infamous SVD It is not unusual to see some SVT scopes used in a PU sniper mount. The quantity of SVT scopes on hand at the close of production was considerable and these scopes being useable in the new PU mount were fitted until existing supplies were exhausted. These scopes are often the 1942 and 1943 dated examples, early 1943 being the last year of SVT scope production. Production of the PU sniper began at the Ishevsk arsenal in early 1942 and remained in production there through 1944. No known examples recorded or observed are dated 1945. In the excellent book Drei Linien Die Gwehere Mosin Nagant by Karl-Heinz Wrobel, he reports that 2483 rifles were produced at Ishvesk in 1946. An example known in the authors collection is dated 1947. A small batch of 150, 50 in 1948 and 100 in 1958 were produced at Ishevsk. (3) Total Ishvesk production of the PEM and PU sniper rifles from 1942 through 1958 amounts to approximately 275,250 rifles. Ishevsk in its first year of production in 1942 produced 53,195 alone. (1) Tula began production of the Mosin Nagant sniper rifle again in 1943 and 1944 . This brief production was of only the PU variant. The production totals are not known for the Tula produced weapons that can be differentiated from the combined totals recorded. There are some small production deviances between the Tula produced guns and the Ishevsk made guns, such as stamped magazine covers that can be found on some Tula produced snipers. Fit and finish seem to be more consistent on Ishvesk made guns in comparison. The Tula made PU is by far the rarer of the two makers.
Accessories The PU sniper and PE/PEM were issued with some specialized accessories specific to a sniper rifle. The primary accessory would be the scope/breech cover. This cover was used to protect the optical package both mounted and dismounted from the rifle of dirt, debris and field wear. There at least 12 different versions of this cover depending on time frame and country of manufacture should you consider the post war Warsaw Pact makers. The earliest versions for the PE have two variations. One with an exterior pocket and one without.
They are constructed of a rough khaki colored cotton weave material trimmed in leather for reinforcement. The end caps of the cover that were placed at each end of the scope were also reinforced with leather. Some of these covers had exterior pockets to hold the optical cleaning tools and field bore sights for scope calibration. A leather strap and buckle attachment secured the cover over the mounted optics by passing through the trigger guard. A separate buckle was sometimes fitted to the top of the bag on the exterior to allow the cover to be rolled up and secured to protect the mount and scope while dismounted from the rifle. The scope was issued with a set of lens caps connected by a leather strap. These covers were then twisted around the scope to tighten them securely. Later versions of the scope cover for the PE /PEM were of darker green cotton and used a tie string to secure it to the rifle.
Later Cover The early version of the PU cover mimicked that of the PE/PEM and SVT covers but without the exterior pocket. The pocket was instead moved to the interior of the cover and any cleaning materials or optical records were placed there. These covers have a wide range of variants. At least 12 alone in the PU version.
These range from the earliest version described above to a simple tie string pattern introduced in 1942. There are variation in the strap and its length, short to go through the trigger guard and longer to go around the magazine and back up to the buckle. Post war Warsaw Pact versions are of different material from a rough weave as the Soviet version but of a deep olive green used by Poland. And bordered in white cloth and tie. A light buff color cotton cover marked 0/2 on the interior with an ink stamping identifies a Hungarian made cover for the m/52 sniper rifle. The lens caps have also as many variants as the covers. The standard Soviet lens covers are a light brown to dark brown mixture of leather. The Hungarian lens caps tend to be a very light almost whites leather while the East German covers were made of plastic with a plastic cord connecting them. No unusual varianances are know in Polish caps as no large grouping of them have been observed. The Poles used refurbished PU snipers and it is an educated guess that the covers were not different in any substantial degree. The covers on the authors Polish made PU are of dark chocolate brown leather. Slings were the standard issue m/91-30 slings for the Soviet sniper; both web and leather versions. The Polish produced slings for the sniper and all long rifles are identified by a bright green color and green painted buckles. Often a P-1 within a diamond will appear as an ink stamp on the slings interior. The Hungarian sling was a light tan colored sling of all leather construction and polished steel riveted fixtures. Markings on the interior will include possibly a date as well as a 02 designation. Stocks of the snipers were primarily of a hardwood construction. A Soviet gun exhibiting the standard red/orange hue and varnish finish. The Soviets did however experiment with a laminated stock for the Infantry rifles beginning in 1943. This included the m/38, m/44 and the m/91-30 including the PU sniper. These are extremely rare variants and rarely encountered. Two variants seem to be evident, varnished and unvarnished. These snipers in this type of stock are all reported to be Tula made guns. It is evident that the Soviet experimentation with the use of laminated stocks began in 1943 as no known weapons dated prior to 1943 are reported to have this type of stock. A matching set of unvarnished laminated Mosin Nagants are in the authors collection m/38 ,m/44, m/91-30 and m/91-30 PU all dated 1943. These stocks have an additional rear cross bolt/recoil lug installed in the wrist area.
The Czech Army also produced a variant of the m/91-30 PU sniper rifle. The rifle was produced at Povzske Strajirny Narodni Podnik in Slovokia. This translates to the Povazska Engineering Peoples Enterprise and is abbreviated on the weapon as SHE. This version initially called the Vz-54 and in some nomenclature the ZG51, was later refined and produced in greater numbers as the Vz54/57. This weapon outwardly resembles a Mosin mated with some Mauser style features. These include the front and rear sights as well as the lock screws that Mausers utilized. The stock on this gun is only a half stock, being cut to expose the barrel just in front of the rear barrel band. The bolt knob of the rifle was designed to allow the tightening and loosening of the scope mount retaining screws. The head portion of the screws had a raised slot that corresponded to a recessed slot in the bolt head. While the initial production versions used a Soviet PU scope the later versions incorporated a Czech designed scope of 2.5 power marked Yal 2.5x and the crossed swords marking of Czech military acceptance.
A rubber eyecup was also issued with the scope as a sun shield for the rear ocular. This scope was affixed to the rifle on the left side by an angled rail that allowed the scope to be centered over the bore. The mount was also swept back to improve the scope position in terms of eye relief.
The buttplate on this model is also similar to a Mauser style and is checkered. The rifle stock is the only version that utilized a pistol grip design in the wrist area. The bolt on the scope was designed to also allow the tightening and loosening of the scope mount retaining screws. These screws passed vertically through the mount and base then tightened securely. The head portion of the screws had a raised slot that corresponded to a recessed slot ion the bolt head. Thus the bolt could be used to remove or tighten the mount. The gun was issued with a unique breech/scope cover as well. It again was reminiscent of the Mauser design with a full coverage of the mounted optics and action from the rear sight to the wrist of the rifle.
It was affixed with two leather straps and buckles. Inside the cleaning rods, oiler, jag and brush, as well as the colored lens filters in their fitted bakealite case. These filters were gray for sunny days, red for dusky times and yellow for low light conditions. Also a rain shield that snapped on the end of the scope and of a wire grid design in the end was stored in the cover. These rifles are considered extremely rare and not often encountered in the US. While the Finnish Army did not produce the m/91-30 sniper rifle of the PU version, they did use them when captured. Small numbers were captured during the Continuation War and, as before, put back into service immediately. Those that required repair were often returned to the arms depot were necessary work was performed. In some instances the guns were modified to some Finnish specifications either by order or just by availability of parts. The author has two Finnish captured PU snipers; one is a typical Soviet gun made at Ishvesk in 1942 that exhibits little change if any. The other is a first year production gun from Ishvesk dated 1942 that has undergone some major modifications. Its stock has been replaced with a Finnish made version and the front sight changed to the Finnish style high blade. The bolt also has been renumbered to match. These snipers are again extremely difficult to obtain in original shape. It is not known exactly how many PU snipers were captured by Finnish forces, the numbers reported are insignificant quantities numbering less than 100 (4). Unfortunately Century International Arms built many replica PU snipers using Finnish captured m/91-30 rifles they had on hand. These guns are easily detectable though as they are often ,if not always, in the improper date ranges. Almost all are 1930s production were an authentic PU sniper would not be dated prior to 1942. The stock relief for the base is freshly cut and the bolt handles show a hasty cut and weld job. The recent imports of many of these fine snipers have made them finally available to the US collector. All of the recent imports are of the Soviet manufacture guns. These guns were rearsenaled than packed away for long-term storage should the situation arise that they be needed again. These guns are in unissued condition and show matching of the mounts to the guns by means of an electro-penciled serial number on the mount. These numbers, scope serial numbered to mount and mount to gun, were placed by the Soviets to prevent a mismatch of mated optics to the guns.
These numbers were placed on the mounts by the Soviet arsenals and not by the US importers The final fitting of the mount to the base entailed an adjustment of two small pads on the rear of the mount. These were ground down slightly to bring the mount to a parallel relationship to the bore. Unground/unissued mounts not fitted to a particular rifle will appear to be canted to the right of the bore line. These numbers were placed on the mounts by the Soviet arsenals and not by the US importers. The optics with inspection papers included in the scope pocket was packed with covers on and cosomline paper to seal against moisture on the lenses and turrets. Guns were packed ten to a crate with optics mounted in a muzzle to butt fashion-alternating direction.
The crates were lined in a desiccant oilpaper and folded over and sealed. The crate was then closed on a rubber gasket and latched shut and pinned. A banding strap is then added with a wire lead seal to prevent opening. The number of PU sniper rifles imported into the US number less than 2500. Many rare and unusual maker and variants can be encountered in these guns such as Tula made guns and late and early models. I hope that this article is informative and helpful to the collector in identifying and recognizing the Soviet snipers built on the m/91-30 rifle from 1932-1963. As with all references this article is not meant to be the definitive end all word on the Soviet snipers as many variants unknown or unobserved can and will be revealed. Production numbers for some years, Tula as an example, are impossible to ascertain due to loss of the archives or simple refusal by Soviet authorities to release the information without substantial payment. Information can and will be added to the text if and when it becomes available. Good hunting and collecting! Vic Thomas
References
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